Table of Contents

Instructions for online access

Part I The Field of Pediatrics

Chapter 1 Overview of Pediatrics

Vital Statistics About Children's Health Globally

The Changing Pediatric World

The New Morbidities

Chronic Illness and Children With Special Health Care Needs

Systems of Care

Chapter 2 Child Health Disparities

Determinants of Health and Health Disparities

Disparities in Child Health and Healthcare:

Approaches to Eradicating Disparities: Interventions

Racism as Social Determinant

Explaining Racial Disparities: A Taxonomy of Racism

Opportunities to Address Racism

Chapter 3 Global Child Health

Global Burden and Trends in Child Health

Social Determinants of Child Health

Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child Health Inequities

Challenges in Global Health

Chapter 4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children

The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value

What Is Quality?

Framework for Quality

Developing Guidelines to Establish the Standard for Quality

Improving Quality

Measuring Quality

Analyzing Quality Data

Comparing and Reporting Quality

Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality

Information Technology and Quality Improvement

Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale

Chapter 5 Safety in Healthcare for Children

Safety Frameworks

Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats

Reliability Science and High-Reliability Organizations

Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions

Safety Opportunities and Gaps

Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement

Chapter 6 Ethics in Pediatric Care

Assent and Parental Permission

Treatment of Critically Ill Children

Neonatal Ethics

Declaring Death and Organ Donation

Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment

Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation

Newborn Screening

Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine

Adolescent Healthcare

Balancing Maternal and Fetal Interests

Justice and Pediatric Ethics

Emerging Issues

Chapter 7 Pediatric Palliative Care

Communication, Advance Care Planning, and Anticipatory Guidance

Chapter 8 Domestic and International Adoption

Domestic Adoption

Intercountry Adoption

Role of Pediatricians

Chapter 9 Foster and Kinship Care

Legislation in the United States

Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes

Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care

Chapter 10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child

Commonly Encountered Infections

Chapter 11 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care

What Is Culture?

Culturally Informed Care

Chapter 12 Maximizing Children's Health

Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines

Tasks of Well-Child Care

Infancy and Early Childhood

Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues

Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and Community

Chapter 13 Injury Control

Scope of the Problem

Principles of Injury Control

Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries

Mechanisms of Injury

Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries

Chapter 14 Impact of Violence on Children

Impacts of Violence

Bullying and Cyberbullying

School Violence

Treatment and Prevention of Bullying and School Violence

Recommendations (see Table 14.1)

Susceptibility of Children in Times of War

Psychological Impact of War

Efforts to Protect Children From the Effects of War

Role of Pediatricians and Allied Health Professionals

Chapter 15 Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor

Clinical Presentation

Approach to the Potentially Trafficked Child

Examination and Diagnostic Testing

Referrals and Resources

Chapter 16 Abused and Neglected Children

Incidence and Prevalence

Clinical Manifestations

General Principles for Assessing Possible Abuse and Neglect

General Principles for Addressing Child Maltreatment

Outcomes of Child Maltreatment

Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

Presentation of Sexual Abuse

Role of General Pediatrician in Assessment and Management of Possible Sexual Abuse

Physical Examination of the Child With Suspected Sexual Abuse

Additional Management

Sexual Abuse Prevention

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 17 Strategies for Health Behavior Change

Unified Theory of Behavior Change

Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change

Common Factors Approach

Motivational Interviewing

Shared Decision-Making

Part II Growth, Development, and Behavior

Chapter 18 Developmental and Behavioral Theories

Biopsychosocial Model and Ecobiodevelopmental Framework: Models of Development

Chapter 19 Positive Parenting and Support

The Importance of Parenting

The Role of the Family

Parenting Styles

Child Temperament

Child Behavioral Problems

Defining Positive Parenting

Parenting as an Intervention

The Role of the Pediatrician

Chapter 20 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development

Somatic Development

Neurologic Development

Behavioral Development

Psychologic Changes in Parents

Threats to Fetal Development

Chapter 21 The Newborn

Parental Role in Mother–Infant Attachment

The Infant's Role in Mother–Infant Attachment

Implications for the Pediatrician

Chapter 22 The First Year

Age 6-12 Months

Chapter 23 The Second Year

Age 12-18 Months

Age 18-24 Months

Chapter 24 The Preschool Years

Structural Development of the Brain

Physical Development

Language, Cognition, and Play

Chapter 25 Middle Childhood

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Social, Emotional, and Moral Development

Chapter 26 Adolescence

Chapter 27 Assessment of Growth

Techniques to Measure Growth

Other Growth Considerations

Chapter 28 Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening

Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance

Developmental and Behavioral Screening

Beyond Surveillance and Screening

Chapter 29 Childcare

Provision, Regulation, and Use of Childcare in America

Childcare's Role in Child Health and Development

Role of Pediatric Providers in Childcare

Chapter 30 Loss, Separation, and Bereavement

Separation and Loss

Move/Family Relocation

Separation Because of Hospitalization

Military Families

Parental/Sibling Death

Grief and Bereavement

Developmental Perspective

Role of the Pediatrician in Grief

Spiritual Issues

Chapter 31 Sleep Medicine

Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology

Developmental Changes in Sleep

Common Sleep Disorders

Health Supervision

Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems

Part III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders

Chapter 32 Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing

Aims of Assessment

Presenting Problems

General Principles of the Psychosocial Interview

Indications for Referral

Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation

Special Considerations in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Infants and Young Children

Chapter 33 Psychopharmacology

Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications

Antidepressants

Mood Stabilizers

Medication Use in Physical Illness

Chapter 34 Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization

Psychiatric Hospitalization

Chapter 35 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Chapter 36 Rumination and Pica

Etiology and Differential Diagnosis

Etiology and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 37 Motor Disorders and Habits

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 38 Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Associated With Medical Conditions

Safety and Efficacy Concerns About SSRIs

Chapter 39 Mood Disorders

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Etiology and Risk Factors

Screening/Case Finding

Early Intervention

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Etiology and Risk Factors

Chapter 40 Suicide and Attempted Suicide

Assessment and Intervention

Chapter 41 Eating Disorders

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Etiology and Risk Factors

Screening/Case Finding

Early Intervention

Chapter 43 Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells

Chapter 44 Lying, Stealing, and Truancy

Chapter 45 Aggression

Chapter 46 Self-Injurious Behavior

Chapter 47 Childhood Psychoses

Clinical Course

Differential Diagnosis

Etiology and Risk Factors

Neuroanatomic Abnormalities

Screening/Case Finding

Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Part IV Learning and Developmental Disorders

Chapter 48 Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction

Terminology and Epidemiology

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Core Neurodevelopmental Functions

Clinical Manifestations

Assessment and Diagnosis

Chapter 49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 50 Dyslexia

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 51 Math and Writing Disabilities

Math Learning Disability Defined

Causes of Math Learning Disability

Treatment and Interventions

Skill Deficits Associated With Impaired Writing

Chapter 52 Language Development and Communication Disorders

Normal Language Development

Language and Communication Disorders

Motor Speech Disorders

Hearing Impairment

Rare Causes of Language Impairment

Noncauses of Language Delay

Comorbid Disorders

Developmental Progression

Chapter 53 Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Evaluation

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic Psychologic Testing

Supportive Care and Management

Chapter 54 Autism Spectrum Disorder

Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms

Differential Diagnosis

Comorbid Conditions

Treatment and Management

Part V Nutrition

Chapter 55 Nutritional Requirements

Dietary Reference Intakes

Measuring Nutritional Adequacy

Chapter 56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Feeding During the First Year of Life

Cow's Milk Protein–Based Formulas

Protein Hydrolysate Formulas

Amino Acid Formulas

Milk and Other Fluids in Infants and Toddlers

Complementary Feeding

Feeding Toddlers and Preschool-Age Children

Feeding School-Age Children and Adolescents

Nutrition Issues of Importance Across Pediatric Ages

Chapter 57 Nutrition, Food Security, and Health

Malnutrition as the Intersection of Food Insecurity and Health Insecurity

Severe Acute Malnutrition

Chapter 58 Refeeding Syndrome

Chapter 59 Malnutrition

Clinical Manifestations

Etiology and Diagnosis

Chapter 60 Overweight and Obesity

Body Mass Index

Clinical Manifestations

Etiology: Studies and Hypotheses

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 61 Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess

Overview of Vitamin A

Metabolism of Vitamin A

Functions of Vitamin A and Mechanisms of Action

Vitamin A Deficiency

Hypervitaminosis A

Chapter 62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess

Thiamine Deficiency

Thiamine Toxicity

Riboflavin Deficiency

Riboflavin Toxicity

Niacin Deficiency

Niacin Toxicity

Vitamin B_Deficiency

Vitamin B_Toxicity

Folate Deficiency

Folate Toxicity

Vitamin B_Deficiency

Chapter 63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess

Dietary Needs and Sources of Vitamin C

Vitamin C Deficiency

Vitamin C Toxicity

Chapter 64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess

Vitamin D Disorders

Calcium Deficiency

Phosphorus Deficiency

Rickets of Prematurity

Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis

Hypervitaminosis D

Chapter 65 Vitamin E Deficiency

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 66 Vitamin K Deficiency

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies

Part VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

Chapter 68 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders

Total Body Water

Fluid Compartments

Electrolyte Composition

Point-of-Care Testing

Regulation of Osmolality

Regulation of Volume

Sodium Metabolism

Potassium Metabolism

Magnesium Metabolism

Hypermagnesemia

Phosphorus Metabolism

Hypophosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Acid-Base Physiology

Normal Acid-Base Balance

Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders

Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic Alkalosis

Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

Chapter 69 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy

Maintenance Therapy

Maintenance Water

Intravenous Solutions

Selection of Maintenance Fluids

Variations in Maintenance Water and Electrolytes

Replacement Fluids

Chapter 70 Deficit Therapy

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Calculation of the Fluid Deficit

Approach to Severe Dehydration

Monitoring and Adjusting Therapy

Hyponatremic Dehydration

Hypernatremic Dehydration

Chapter 71 Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders

Pyloric Stenosis

Perioperative Fluids

Part VII Pediatric Drug Therapy

Chapter 72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics

Definition of Terms

Developmental or Pediatric Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics

Drug Biotransformation: Applications to Pediatric Therapy

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters

Polymorphisms in Drug Receptors

Current and Future Applications in Pediatrics

Chapter 73 Principles of Drug Therapy

General Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles

Impact of Ontogeny on Drug Disposition

Impact of Ontogeny on Pharmacodynamics

Additional Considerations in Pediatric Therapeutics

Drug Formulation and Administration

Adherence and Compliance

Drug-Drug Interactions

Adverse Drug Reactions

Personalized Medicine

Chapter 74 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care

Preanesthetic Evaluation

Preoperative Preparation

General Anesthesia

Induction of General Anesthesia

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Postanesthesia Care Unit

Postoperative Pain Management

Chapter 75 Procedural Sedation

Chapter 76 Pediatric Pain Management

Definition and Categories of Pain

Assessment and Measurement of Pain in Children

Conceptual Framework for Treatment of Pediatric Pain

Unconventional Medications in Pediatric Pain

Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Pain

Invasive Interventions for Treating Pain

Intrathecal Analgesia

Nerve Ablation and Destruction

Considerations for Special Pediatric Populations

Chronic and Recurrent Pain Syndromes

Managing Complex Chronic Pain Problems

Chapter 77 Poisoning

Approach to the Poisoned Patient

Principles of Management

Select Compounds in Pediatric Poisoning

Chapter 78 Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine

Dietary Supplements

Dietary Supplement Safety

Dietary Supplement Efficacy

Massage and Chiropractic

Mind-Body Therapies

Part VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care

Chapter 79 Emergency Medical Services for Children

Primary Care Physician and Office Preparedness

Pediatric Prehospital Care

The Emergency Department

Communications and Dispatch Center

Medical Control Physician

Ground vs Air Ambulance

Transport Physiology

Family-Centered Care

Referring Hospital Responsibilities

Educational Outreach

Outcome Measures in Emergency Medical Services for Children

Risk Adjustment

Continuum-of-Care Model

Humanitarian Disasters

Chapter 80 Triage of the Acutely Ill Child

Assessment of Vital Signs

Physical Examination

Chapter 81 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation

Approach to the Emergency Evaluation of a Child

Recognition and Treatment of Respiratory Distress and Failure

Recognition and Management of Shock

Recognition of Bradyarrhythmias and Tachyarrhythmias

Recognition and Management of Cardiac Arrest

Vascular Access

Nonvascular Emergency Procedures

Postresuscitation Care

Chapter 82 Acute Care of Multiple Trauma

Regionalization and Trauma Teams

Secondary Survey

Psychological and Social Support

Chapter 83 Spinal Cord Injuries in Children

Clinical Manifestations

Clearing the Cervical Spine in Children

Chapter 84 Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations

Lacerations and Cuts

Chapter 85 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization

Neurocritical Care Principles

Traumatic Brain Injury

Chapter 86 Brain Death

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Observation Periods

Ancillary Studies

Supportive Care

Objections to the Idea of Brain Death

Chapter 87 Syncope

Clinical Presentation

Chapter 88 Shock

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 89 Respiratory Distress and Failure

Respiratory Distress

Respiratory Failure

Monitoring a Child in Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure

Basic Concepts of Ventilator Management

Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation

Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Additional Ventilatory Modalities

Conventional Ventilator Settings

Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony

Monitoring Respiratory Mechanics

Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

Chapter 90 Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)

General Effects of Hypobaric Hypoxia

Acute Mountain Sickness

High-Altitude Cerebral Edema

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema

Special Considerations

Chapter 91 Drowning and Submersion Injury

Pathophysiology

Chapter 92 Burn Injuries

Acute Care, Resuscitation, and Assessment

Electrical Burns

Chapter 93 Cold Injuries

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Cold-Induced Fat Necrosis (Panniculitis)

Part IX Human Genetics

Chapter 94 Integration of Genetics Into Pediatric Practice

Diagnostic Testing

Predictive Testing

Predispositional Testing

Pharmacogenetic Testing

Talking to Families

Genetic Counseling

Physiologic Therapies

Replacement Therapies

Chapter 95 The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine

The Burden of Genetic Disorders in Childhood

The Changing Paradigm of Genetics in Medicine

Chapter 96 The Human Genome

Fundamentals of Molecular Genetics

Genetic Variation

Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Genetic Disease

Human Genome Project

Chapter 97 Patterns of Genetic Transmission

Family History and Pedigree Notation

Mendelian Inheritance

Y-Linked Inheritance

Inheritance Associated With Pseudoautosomal Regions

Digenic Inheritance

Pseudogenetic Inheritance and Familial Clustering

Nontraditional Inheritance

Multifactorial and Polygenic Inheritance

Chapter 98 Cytogenetics

Aneuploidy and Polyploidy

Deletions and Duplications

Marker and Ring Chromosomes

Turner Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Pallister-Killian Syndrome

Hypomelanosis of Ito

Uniparental Disomy

Chapter 99 Genetics of Common Disorders

Linkage Mapping

Genetic Association

Chapter 100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease

Epigenetic Mechanisms of Disease: Viable Yellow Mouse Model

Epigenetics and Regulation of Gene Expression

Pediatric Diseases Involving Epigenetic Processes

Epigenome-Wide Association Studies: DNA Methylation

Cell Fate Variability as Model for Epigenetics and Disease

Epigenetic Disease and Therapeutic Interventions

Chapter 101 Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases

Scope of Genetic Disease

Clinical Evaluation

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays

Exome Sequencing

Gene Function Studies

Pediatric Issues

The Diagnostic Spectrum

Part X Metabolic Disorders

Chapter 102 An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Newborn Screening

Clinical Manifestations of Genetic Metabolic Diseases

Chapter 103 Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids

Severe Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Classic Phenylketonuria)

Hyperphenylalaninemia Caused by Deficiency of the Cofactor Tetrahydrobiopterin

Tetrahydrobiopterin Defects Without Hyperphenylalaninemia

Tyrosinemia Type I (Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Deficiency, Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia)

Tyrosinemia Type II (Tyrosine Aminotransferase Deficiency, Richner-Hanhart Syndrome, Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia)

Tyrosinemia Type III (Primary Deficiency of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase)

Transient Tyrosinemia of the Newborn

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency

Homocystinuria (Homocystinemia)

Hypermethioninemia

Primary Cystathioninemia (Cystathioninuria)

Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency and Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency

Hartnup Disorder

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Branched-Chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase Deficiency

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporter Deficiency

Isovaleric Acidemia

Multiple Carboxylase Deficiencies (Defects of Biotin Cycle)

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency

3-Methylglutaconic Acidurias

β-Ketothiolase (3-Oxothiolase) Deficiency (Mitochondrial Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase [T_{] Deficiency)}

Cytosolic Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase Deficiency

Mitochondrial 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Deficiency

3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric Aciduria)

Succinyl-CoA:3-Oxoacid-CoA Transferase Deficiency

Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency

Propionic Acidemia (Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency)

Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemias

Combined Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria ( C, D, F, J, and X Defects)

Isolated Homocystinuria

Combined Malonic and Methylmalonic Aciduria ( -Related Disorder)

Hyperglycinemia

Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (Glycine Encephalopathy)

Primary Trimethylaminuria

Hyperoxaluria and Oxalosis

3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency

3-Phosphoserine Phosphatase Deficiency

Hyperprolinemia Type I

Hyperprolinemia Type II

Prolidase Deficiency

Disorders of De Novo Proline Synthesis

Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency

γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Deficiency (Glutathionemia)

Genetic Disorders of Metabolism of γ-Aminobutyric Acid

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency (Infantile Parkinsonism, Autosomal Recessive Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, Autosomal Recessive Segawa Syndrome)

Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency

Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency

Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Monoamine Oxidase a Deficiency

Disorders of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Metabolism

Defects in Neurotransmitter Transporter Proteins

Histidine Decarboxylase Deficiency

Hyperprolinemia

3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Phosphoserine Aminotransferase Deficiency

Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia

Genetic Causes of Hyperammonemia

Clinical Manifestations of Hyperammonemia

Treatment of Acute Hyperammonemia

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase 1 and -Acetylglutamate Synthase Deficiencies

Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency

Argininosuccinate Lyase Deficiency (Argininosuccinic Aciduria)

Arginase 1 Deficiency (Hyperargininemia)

Transient Hyperammonemia of the Newborn

Disorders of Ornithine Metabolism

Congenital Glutamine Deficiency

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B_{)–Dependent Epilepsy}

Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 (Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency)

Lysinuric Protein Intolerance (Familial Protein Intolerance)

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Atypical Canavan Disease

Treatment and Prevention

Chapter 104 Defects in Metabolism of Lipids

Defects in the β-Oxidation Cycle

Defects in the Carnitine Cycle

Defects in the Electron Transfer Pathway

Defects in the Ketone Synthesis Pathway

Defects in Ketone Body Utilization

Peroxisomal Disorders

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Epidemiology of Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease

Blood Lipids and Atherogenesis

Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport

Hyperlipoproteinemias

GM_{Gangliosidosis}

The GM_{Gangliosidoses}

Gaucher Disease

Niemann-Pick Disease

Schindler Disease

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Multiple-Sulfatase Deficiency

Wolman Disease and Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease

Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy

Chapter 105 Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Liver Glycogenoses

Muscle Glycogenoses

Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase Deficiency Galactosemia

Galactokinase Deficiency

Uridine Diphosphate Galactose-4-Epimerase Deficiency

Deficiency of Fructokinase (Essential or Benign Fructosuria)

Deficiency of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase (Aldolase B, Hereditary Fructose Intolerance)

Disorders of Gluconeogenesis

Disorders of Pyruvate Metabolism

Essential Pentosuria

Transaldolase Deficiency

Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency

Sialidosis and Galactosialidosis

Aspartylglucosaminuria

α-Mannosidosis

Congenital Disorders of Protein -Glycosylation

Congenital Disorders of Protein -Glycosylation

Defects in Lipid Glycosylation and in Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Biosynthesis

Defects in Multiple Glycosylation Pathways and in Other Pathways, Including Dolicholphosphate Biosynthesis Defects

Congenital Disorders of Deglycosylation

Therapeutic Summary

Chapter 106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis

Overview of Mitochondrial Disease

When to Suspect Mitochondrial Disease

Mitochondrial Disease Inheritance

Diagnostic Testing for Mitochondrial Disease

Treatment Principles for Mitochondrial Disease

Chapter 107 Mucopolysaccharidoses

Disease Entities

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 108 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

Abnormalities in Purine Salvage

Disorders Linked to Purine Nucleotide Synthesis

Disorders Resulting From Abnormalities in Purine Catabolism

Disorders of Pyrimidine Metabolism

Chapter 109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Molecular Pathogenesis

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

Patient Resources

Chapter 110 The Porphyrias

The Heme Biosynthetic Pathway

Classification and Diagnosis of Porphyrias

δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Deficient Porphyria

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria

Hereditary Coproporphyria

Variegate Porphyria

Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria

Porphyria Resulting From Tumors

Chapter 111 Hypoglycemia

Significance and Sequelae

Substrate, Enzyme, and Hormonal Integration of Glucose Homeostasis

Clinical Manifestations

Classification of Hypoglycemia in Infants and Children

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Part XI The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant

Chapter 112 Overview of Morbidity and Mortality

Infant Mortality

Major Causes of Infant Death

Infant Mortality Reduction

Chapter 113 The Newborn Infant

General Appearance

Neurologic Examination

Maintenance of Body Heat

Antiseptic Skin and Cord Care

Newborn Prophylaxis and Screening

Rooming-in and Breastfeeding

Chapter 114 High-Risk Pregnancies

Genetic Factors

Maternal Factors

Chapter 115 The Fetus

Infectious Diseases

Noninfectious Diseases (see Table 114.2)

Chapter 116 Fetal Intervention and Surgery

Fetal Therapy Ethics

Obstructive Uropathy

Nonobstructive Renal Disease

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

Myelomeningocele

Other Indications

Chapter 117 The High-Risk Infant

Monozygotic vs Dizygotic Twins

Atypical Twinning

Twin Syndromes (TRAP, TTTS)

Assessment of Gestational Age

Immaturity of Drug Metabolism

Morbidity and Mortality

Moderate Preterm Infant

Late Preterm Infant

Small for Gestational Age and IUGR

Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants

Postterm Infants

Discharge From the Hospital

Postdischarge Follow-Up

Chapter 118 Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn

Regionalized Care of Newborns

Levels of Neonatal Care

Transport of the Critically Ill Neonate

Chapter 119 Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period

Abnormal Movements

Altered Mental Status

Congenital Anomalies

Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Chapter 120 Nervous System Disorders

Clinical Manifestations

Pathophysiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Phrenic Nerve Paralysis

Facial Nerve Palsy

Chapter 121 Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies

Neonatal Resuscitation

Resuscitation of the Preterm Infant

Special Circumstances in the Delivery Room

Injury During Delivery

Ongoing Care After Resuscitation

Chapter 122 Respiratory Tract Disorders

The First Breath

Breathing Patterns in Newborns

Apnea of Prematurity

Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Incidence and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Bochdalek)

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 123 Digestive System Disorders

Meconium Peritonitis

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Physiologic Jaundice (Icterus Neonatorum)

Pathologic Hyperbilirubinemia

Jaundice Associated With Breastfeeding

Neonatal Cholestasis

Congenital Atresia of the Bile Ducts

Clinical Manifestations

Incidence and Prognosis

Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia

Chapter 124 Blood Disorders

Normal Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentrations in Newborn Infants

Classification of Anemia and Diagnostic Evaluation

Treatment Options for Neonatal Anemia

Hemolytic Disease Caused by Rh Incompatibility

Hemolytic Disease Caused by Blood Group A and B Incompatibility

Other Forms of Hemolytic Disease

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy

Neonatal Thrombocytopenia

Chapter 125 The Umbilicus

Umbilical Hernia

Congenital Omphalocele

Chapter 126 Abstinence Syndromes

Diagnostic Criteria

Clinical Features

Interventions and Treatment

The Pediatrician's Role

Chapter 127 The Endocrine System

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 128 Dysmorphology

Classification of Birth Defects

Molecular Mechanisms of Malformations

Approach to the Dysmorphic Child

Chapter 129 Epidemiology of Infections

Incidence and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

General Approach to Management

Chapter 130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections

Types of Infection

Chapter 131 Congenital and Perinatal Infections

General Approach

Clinical Manifestations

Specific Infectious Agents

General Approach

Clinical Manifestations

Specific Infectious Agents

Part XII Adolescent Medicine

Chapter 132 Adolescent Physical and Social Development

Physical Development

Neurologic, Cognitive, and Moral Development

Psychosocial Development

Implications for Providers, Parents, and Policymakers

Chapter 133 Gender and Sexual Identity

Terms and Definitions

Factors That Influence Sexual Identity Development

Nonconformity in Gender Expression Among Children and Adolescents

Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Identities Among Children and Adolescents

Chapter 134 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents

Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality in Youth

Development of Sexual Orientation in Childhood and Adolescence

Stigma, Risk, and Resilience

Recommendations for Care

Chapter 135 Transgender Care

Cultural and Clinical Competence

Gender Literacy

Chapter 136 The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems

Access to Healthcare

Chapter 137 Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents

Interviewing the Adolescent

Psychosocial Assessment

Physical Examination

Chapter 138 Transitioning to Adult Care

Chapter 139 Violent Behavior

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 140 Substance Abuse

Clinical Manifestations

Screening for Substance Abuse Disorders

Pharmacology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes)

Clinical Manifestations

Synthetic Marijuana

Clinical Manifestations

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Overdose Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 141 The Breast

Female Disorders

Chapter 142 Menstrual Problems

Normal Menstruation

Menstrual Irregularities

History and Physical Examination

Laboratory Studies

Irregular Menstrual Bleeding

Heavy and Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 143 Contraception

Contraceptive Effectiveness

Sexual Activity

Use of Contraception Among Teens

Intrauterine Devices

Progestin-Only Pills

Combined Oral Contraceptives

Transdermal Patch

Contraindications

Ulipristal Acetate

Diaphragm, Cervical Cap, and Sponge

Fertility Awareness–Based Methods

Lactational Amenorrhea Method

Chapter 144 Adolescent Pregnancy

Clinical Manifestations

Pregnancy Counseling and Initial Management

Adolescent Fathers

Medical Complications of Mothers and Babies

Psychosocial Outcomes/Risks for Mother and Child

Prevention of Teen Pregnancies

Chapter 145 Adolescent Sexual Assault

Clinical Manifestations

Interview and Physical Examination

Laboratory Data

Chapter 146 Sexually Transmitted Infections

Common Infections and Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions

Symptom/Disorder Overlap

Psychiatric Comorbidities

Predisposing Factors

Natural History

Proposed Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Part XIII Immunology

Section 1 Evaluation of the Immune System

Chapter 148 Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency

Advanced Testing

Section 2 The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems

Chapter 149 Lymphocyte Development and Function

Lymphopoiesis in the Fetus

Postnatal Lymphocyte Behavior

Inheritance of Abnormalities in T-, B-, and NK-Cell Development

Chapter 150 Primary Defects of Antibody Production

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Selective IgA Deficiency

IgG Subclass Deficiencies

Immunoglobulin Heavy- and Light-Chain Deletions

Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy

Class Switch Defects

X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease

Chapter 151 Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity

Chromosome 22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

T-Cell Activation Defects

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis–Ectodermal Dysplasia

Chapter 152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types

Clinical Manifestations

Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Ataxia-Telangiectasia

Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome

DOCK8 Deficiency

Interferon-γ Receptors 1 and 2, IL-12 Receptor β_{, and IL-12P40 Defects}

IL-1R–Associated Kinase 4 Deficiency and Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88

Natural Killer Cell Deficiency

Defects in Innate Responses to Viral Infection

Defects in Innate Responses to Fungi

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome

Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked Syndrome

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) Deficiency

Lipopolysaccharide (Lps)-Responsive Beige-Like Anchor Protein (LRBA) Deficiency

Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) δ Syndromes

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Pathway Defects

Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Defects

Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 7A (TTC7A) Deficiency

Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2)

Section 3 The Phagocytic System

Chapter 153 Neutrophils

The Phagocytic Inflammatory Response

Neutrophil Maturation and Kinetics

Neutrophil Function

Chapter 154 Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells

Functional Activities

Dendritic Cells

Abnormalities of Monocyte-Macrophage or Dendritic Cell Function

Chapter 155 Eosinophils

Diseases Associated With Eosinophilia

Chapter 156 Disorders of Phagocyte Function

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Chapter 157 Leukopenia

Chapter 158 Leukocytosis

Additional Forms of Leukocytosis

Section 4 The Complement System

Chapter 159 Complement Components and Pathways

Classical and Lectin Pathways

Alternative Pathway

Membrane Attack Complex

Control Mechanisms

Participation in Host Defense

Chapter 160 Disorders of the Complement System

Section 5 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chapter 161 Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

HSCT From an HLA-Identical Sibling Donor

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Myelodysplastic Syndromes Other Than Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Hodgkin Disease

Acquired Aplastic Anemia

Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes

Sickle Cell Disease

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Inherited Metabolic Diseases

Chapter 162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources and Donors

Unrelated Donor Transplants

Umbilical Cord Blood Transplants

Haploidentical Transplants

Donor Versus Recipient NK-Cell Alloreactivity

Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chapter 163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease

Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Venoocclusive Disease

Chapter 164 Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chapter 165 Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Endocrine Effects

Cardiovascular Effects

Secondary Malignancy

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Special Considerations

Part XIV Allergic Disorders

Chapter 166 Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease

Key Elements of Allergic Diseases

Mechanisms of Allergic Tissue Inflammation

Genetic Basis of Atopy

Chapter 167 Diagnosis of Allergic Disease

Allergy History

Physical Examination

Diagnostic Testing

Chapter 168 Allergic Rhinitis

Etiology and Classification

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 169 Childhood Asthma

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Avoiding Triggers

Chapter 171 Insect Allergy

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 172 Ocular Allergies

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 173 Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Physical Urticaria

Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria and Angioedema

Hereditary Angioedema

Chapter 174 Anaphylaxis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 175 Serum Sickness

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 176 Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 177 Adverse Reactions to Drugs

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

Part XV Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)

Chapter 178 Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease

Symptoms Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease

Signs Suggestive of Rheumatic Disease

Laboratory Testing

Imaging Studies

Chapter 179 Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases

Pediatric Rheumatology Teams and Primary Care Physicians

Chapter 180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 181 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 182 Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis

Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 185 Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 186 Behçet Disease

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

Chapter 187 Sjögren Syndrome

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases

Classification of Autoinflammatory Disorders

Autoinflammatory Diseases With Periodic or Prominent Fevers

Other Mendelian Autoinflammatory Diseases

Genetically Complex Autoinflammatory Diseases

Chapter 189 Amyloidosis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 190 Sarcoidosis

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 191 Kawasaki Disease

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory and Radiology Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 192 Vasculitis Syndromes

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis

Relapsing Polychondritis

Mucha-Habermann Disease/Pityriasis Lichenoides Et Varioliformis Acuta

Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy

Plant Thorn Synovitis

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Part XVI Infectious Diseases

Section 1 General Considerations

Chapter 195 Diagnostic Microbiology

Specimen Collection

Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Laboratory Detection of Parasitic Infections

Serologic Diagnosis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections

Chapter 196 The Microbiome and Pediatric Health

Measuring the Microbiome

Early Childhood Development of the Microbiome

The Microbiome and Physiologic Development

Contributions of Microbiome to Disease

Therapeutic Manipulation of the Microbiome

Section 2 Preventive Measures

Chapter 197 Immunization Practices

Passive Immunity

Active Immunization

Vaccination System in the United States

Recommended Immunization Schedule

Vaccines Recommended in Special Situations

Precautions and Contraindications

Medical Exemptions

Improving Immunization Coverage

Vaccine Hesitancy

Chapter 198 Infection Prevention and Control

Standard Precautions

Additional Measures

Surgical Prophylaxis

Employee Health

Chapter 199 Childcare and Communicable Diseases

Respiratory Tract Infections

Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

Invasive Organisms

Bloodborne Pathogens

Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Resistance

Chapter 200 Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally

The Pediatric Travel Medicine Consultation

Safety and Preventive Counseling Topics

Routine Childhood Vaccinations Required for Pediatric Travel

Specialized Pediatric Travel Vaccinations

Traveler's Diarrhea

Insect-Borne Infections

Malaria Chemoprophylaxis

The Returning Traveler

The Adolescent Traveler

Chapter 201 Fever

Clinical Features

Chapter 202 Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Diagnosis

Chapter 203 Fever in the Older Child

General Approach

Chapter 204 Fever of Unknown Origin

Chapter 205 Infections in Immunocompromised Persons

Abnormalities of the Phagocytic System

Defective Splenic Function, Opsonization, or Complement Activity

B Cell Defects (Humoral Immunodeficiencies)

T Cell Defects (Cell-Mediated Immunodeficiencies)

Combined B Cell and T Cell Defects

Acquired Immunodeficiency From Infectious Agents

Fever and Neutropenia

Fever Without Neutropenia

Transplantation

Chapter 206 Infection Associated With Medical Devices

Intravascular Access Devices

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts

Urinary Catheters

Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

Orthopedic Prostheses

Section 3 Antibiotic Therapy

Chapter 207 Principles of Antibacterial Therapy

Age- and Risk-Specific Use of Antibiotics in Children

Antibiotics Commonly Used in Pediatric Practice

Section 4 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 209 (Pneumococcus)

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 210 Group A Streptococcus

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Chapter 211 Group B Streptococcus

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 212 Non–Group A or B Streptococci

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 214 Diphtheria ( )

Clinical Manifestations

Supportive Care

Clinical Manifestations

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical and Radiographic Manifestations

Section 5 Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

Chapter 218 (Meningococcus)

Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 219 (Gonococcus)

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Disease

Spondylodiscitis

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment

Chapter 222 Chancroid

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Pathogenesis of Infection

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 224 Pertussis ( and )

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Differential Diagnosis

Enterotoxigenic

Enteropathogenic

Shiga Toxin–Producing

Enteroaggregative

Diffusely Adherent

Enteroaggregative Hemorrhagic

Prevention of Illness

Chapter 228 Cholera

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 231 and

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 232 and

Clinical Manifestations

Supportive Care

Chapter 233 Tularemia

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Bacillary Angiomatosis

Bacillary Peliosis

Bacteremia and Endocarditis

Section 6 Anaerobic Bacterial Infections

Chapter 237 Botulism

Clinical Manifestations

Supportive Care

Chapter 238 Tetanus

Clinical Manifestations

Supportive Care

Chapter 239 Infection

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 240 Other Anaerobic Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Common Anaerobic Pathogens

Section 7 Mycobacterial Infections

Chapter 241 Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy

Agents Used Against

Agents Used Against

Agents Used Against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Chapter 242 Tuberculosis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnostic Tools

Mycobacterial Sampling, Susceptibility and Culture

Chapter 243 Hansen Disease

Disease Classification

Clinical Manifestations

Long-Term Complications

Chapter 244 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Clinical Manifestations

Section 8 Spirochetal Infections

Chapter 245 Syphilis

Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings

Chapter 246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections

Chapter 247 Leptospira

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 248 Relapsing Fever

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 249 Lyme Disease

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Section 9 Mycoplasmal Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 251 Genital Mycoplasmas ( , and )

Clinical Manifestations

Section 10 Chlamydial Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 254 Psittacosis

Clinical Manifestations

Section 11 Rickettsial Infections

Chapter 255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Supportive Care

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Supportive Care

Chapter 256 Scrub Typhus

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Supportive Care

Chapter 257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Supportive Care

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 258 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 259 Q Fever

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Section 12 Fungal Infections

Chapter 260 Principles of Antifungal Therapy

Pyrimidine Analogs

Clinical Manifestations

Oral Candidiasis

Diaper Dermatitis

Ungual and Periungual Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Primary Immune Defects

Chapter 262 and

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 264 Aspergillus

Extrinsic Alveolar Alveolitis

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Allergic Aspergillus Sinusitis

Pulmonary Aspergilloma

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Cutaneous Aspergillosis

Invasive Sinonasal Disease

Central Nervous System

Empirical Antifungal Therapy

Chapter 265 Histoplasmosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 266 Blastomycosis ( and )

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 267 Coccidioidomycosis ( Species)

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 269 Sporotrichosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 270 Mucormycosis

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Supportive Care

Section 13 Viral Infections

Chapter 272 Principles of Antiviral Therapy

Antivirals Used for Herpesviruses

Antivirals Used for Respiratory Viral Infections

Antivirals Used for Hepatitis

Antiviral Immune Globulins

Chapter 273 Measles

Clinical Manifestations

Modified Measles Infection

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 274 Rubella

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnoses

Supportive Care

Chapter 275 Mumps

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 276 Polioviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 278 Parvoviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 279 Herpes Simplex Virus

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 280 Varicella-Zoster Virus*

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 281 Epstein-Barr Virus

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 282 Cytomegalovirus

The Virus and Its Interaction With the Host

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)

Pathology/Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 284 Human Herpesvirus 8

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 285 Influenza Viruses*

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Supportive Care

Chapter 286 Parainfluenza Viruses*

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 288 Human Metapneumovirus

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 289 Adenoviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 290 Rhinoviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 291 Coronaviruses

Pathogenesis of SARS and MERS

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment and Prevention

Chapter 292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 293 Human Papillomaviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 294 Arboviral Infections

Clinical Features

Laboratory Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Severe Dengue

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 296 Yellow Fever

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 297 Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 300 Rabies

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment and Prognosis

Chapter 301 Polyomaviruses

Chapter 302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)

Epidemiology and Modes of Transmission

Clinical Manifestations

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-1–Associated Myelopathy

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-2

Chapter 304 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Genetic Counseling

Section 14 Antiparasitic Therapy

Chapter 305 Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy

Selected Antiparasitic Drugs for Protozoans

Selected Antiparasitic Drugs for Helminths and Ectoparasites

Section 15 Protozoan Diseases

Chapter 306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 307 Amebiasis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 308 Giardiasis and Balantidiasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 309 and Microsporidia

Chapter 310 Trichomoniasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 311 Leishmaniasis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Complex)

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; )

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 314 Malaria

Clinical Manifestations

Complications of MALARIA

Chapter 315 Babesiosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 316 Toxoplasmosis

Clinical Manifestations

Section 16 Helminthic Diseases

Chapter 317 Ascariasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 318 Hookworms ( and spp.)

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 319 Trichuriasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 320 Enterobiasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 321 Strongyloidiasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 322 Lymphatic Filariasis ( and )

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 323 Other Tissue Nematodes

Infection With Animal Filariae

Chapter 324 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 325 Trichinellosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 326 Schistosomiasis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)

Intestinal Flukes

Chapter 328 Adult Tapeworm Infections

Clinical Manifestations

Diphyllobothriasis ( Spp.)

Chapter 329 Cysticercosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 330 Echinococcosis ( and )

Clinical Manifestations

Part XVII The Digestive System

Section 1 Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease

Chapter 331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena

Chapter 332 Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Abdominal Distention and Abdominal Masses

Section 2 The Oral Cavity

Chapter 333 Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth

Development of Teeth

Chapter 334 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions

Chapter 335 Malocclusion

Variations in Growth Patterns

Open and Closed Bites

Dental Crowding

Chapter 336 Cleft Lip and Palate

Incidence and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Postoperative Management

Velopharyngeal Dysfunction

Chapter 337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations

Chapter 338 Dental Caries

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 339 Periodontal Diseases

Aggressive Periodontitis in Children (Prepubertal Periodontitis)

Aggressive Periodontitis in Adolescents

Cyclosporine- or Phenytoin-Induced Gingival Overgrowth

Acute Pericoronitis

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)

Chapter 340 Dental Trauma

Injuries to Teeth

Injuries to Periodontal Structures

Additional Considerations

Chapter 341 Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

Aphthous Ulcers

Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

Recurrent Herpes Labialis

Geographic Tongue

Fissured Tongue

Developmental (Normal) Variations

Chapter 342 Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws

Congenital Lip Pits

Salivary Gland Tumors

Histiocytic Disorders

Tumors of the Jaw

Chapter 343 Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment

Section 3 The Esophagus

Chapter 344 Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus

Diagnostic Aids

Chapter 345 Congenital Anomalies

Chapter 346 Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus

Chapter 347 Dysmotility

Upper Esophageal and Upper Esophageal Sphincter Dysmotility (Striated Muscle)

Lower Esophageal and Lower Esophageal Sphincter Dysfunction (Smooth Muscle)

Chapter 348 Hiatal Hernia

Chapter 349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Natural History

Clinical Manifestations

Esophageal: Esophagitis and Sequelae—Stricture, Barrett Esophagus, Adenocarcinoma

Extraesophageal: Respiratory (“Atypical”) Presentations

Apnea and Stridor

Chapter 350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, and Infective Esophagitis

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Infective Esophagitis

Pill Esophagitis

Chapter 351 Esophageal Perforation

Chapter 352 Esophageal Varices

Chapter 353 Ingestions

Section 4 Stomach and Intestines

Chapter 354 Normal Development, Structure, and Function of the Stomach and Intestines

Digestion and Absorption

Chapter 355 Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 358 Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 360 Foreign Bodies and Bezoars

Chapter 361 Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children

Clinical Manifestations

Secondary Ulcers

“Stress” Ulceration

Chapter 362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis

Chapter 364 Disorders of Malabsorption

Clinical Approach

Investigations for Carbohydrate Malabsorption

Investigations for Fat Malabsorption

Investigations for Protein-Losing Enteropathy

Investigations for Exocrine Pancreatic Function

Investigations for Intestinal Mucosal Disorders

Imaging Procedures

Etiology and Epidemiology

Genetics and Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation and Associated Disorders

The Spectrum of Gluten-Related Disorders

Defects of Enterocyte Differentiation and Polarization

Microvillus Inclusion Disease (Congenital Microvillus Atrophy)

Tufting Enteropathy (Congenital Tufting Enteropathy)

Tricho-Hepato-Enteric Syndrome (Syndromic Diarrhea)

Defects in Enteroendocrine Cells Differentiation

Enteric Anendocrinosis

Proprotein Convertase 1/3 Deficiency

Mitchell-Riley Syndrome

Aristaless-Related Homeobox Gene Mutations

Autoimmune Enteropathy

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1

Abetalipoproteinemia

Homozygous Hypobetalipoproteinemia

Chylomicron Retention Disease (Anderson Disease)

Tangier Disease

Bile Acid Malabsorption

Protein-Losing Enteropathy

Postinfectious Diarrhea

Proximal Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Environmental Enteropathy (Tropical Sprue)

Whipple Disease

Carbohydrate Malabsorption

Lactase Deficiency

Fructose Malabsorption

Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency

Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

Enterokinase (Enteropeptidase) Deficiency

Trehalase Deficiency

Trypsinogen Deficiency

Disorders of Carbohydrate Absorption

Disorders of Amino Acid and Peptide Absorption

Disorders of Fat Transport

Disorders of Vitamin Absorption

Disorders of Electrolyte and Mineral Absorption

Chapter 365 Intestinal Transplantation in Children With Intestinal Failure

Indications for Intestinal Transplant

Transplantation Operation

Postoperative Management

Chapter 366 Acute Gastroenteritis in Children

Burden of Childhood Diarrhea

Epidemiology in the United States and Other Middle- and High-Income Countries

Epidemiology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Pathogenesis of Infectious Diarrhea

Clinical Manifestation of Diarrhea

Intestinal and Extraintestinal Complications

Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 367 Chronic Diarrhea

Definition of Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Evaluation of Patients

Chapter 368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders

Functional Defecation Disorders

Chapter 369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome

Chapter 370 Acute Appendicitis

Pathophysiology

Appendicitis Risk Scoring Systems

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Studies

Diagnosis and Treatment

Differential Diagnosis

Surgical Intervention

Perforated Appendicitis

Nonoperative Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis

Recurrent Appendicitis

Interval Appendectomy

Incidental Appendicoliths

Chapter 371 Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum

Associated Anomalies

Manifestations and Diagnosis

Approach to the Patient

Operative Repair

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 372 Tumors of the Digestive Tract

Hamartomatous Tumors

Adenomatous Tumors

Other Gastrointestinal Tumors

Chapter 373 Inguinal Hernias

Embryology and Pathogenesis

Evaluation of Acute Inguinal–Scrotal Swelling

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Section 5 Exocrine Pancreas

Chapter 374 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas

Chapter 375 Pancreatic Function Tests

Chapter 376 Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas

Disorders Associated With Pancreatic Insufficiency

Cystic Fibrosis (see Chapter 432)

Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (see Chapter 157)

Pearson Syndrome

Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome

Isolated Enzyme Deficiencies

Other Syndromes Associated With Pancreatic Insufficiency

Chapter 377 Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency

Chapter 378 Pancreatitis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections

Treatment of Fluid Collections and Necrosis

Chapter 380 Pancreatic Tumors

Section 6 The Liver and Biliary System

Chapter 381 Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System

Hepatic Ultrastructure

Metabolic Functions of the Liver

Chapter 382 Manifestations of Liver Disease

Pathologic Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Biochemical Tests

Hepatic Imaging Procedures

Diagnostic Approach to Infants With Jaundice

Chapter 383 Cholestasis

Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Bile Acid-Coenzyme a Ligase Deficiency

Disorders of Embryogenesis

Biliary Atresia

Management of Chronic Cholestasis

Chapter 384 Metabolic Diseases of the Liver

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type I (Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency)

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type II (Partial Glucuronyl Transferase Deficiency)

Inherited Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations

α_{-Antitrypsin Deficiency}

Citrin Deficiency

Chapter 385 Viral Hepatitis

Issues Common to All Forms of Viral Hepatitis

Approach to Acute or Chronic Hepatitis

Chapter 386 Liver Abscess

Chapter 387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Bacterial Sepsis

Cardiac Disease

Cholestasis Associated With Chronic Total Parenteral Nutrition

Cystic Fibrosis

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Hemoglobinopathies

Histiocytic Disorders

Chapter 388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies

Clinical Manifestations

Primary Mitochondrial Hepatopathies

Diagnostic Evaluation

Treatment of Mitochondrial Hepatopathies

Chapter 389 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Autoimmune Hepatitis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 390 Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury

Chapter 391 Acute Hepatic Failure

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 392 Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver

Choledochal Cysts

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease

Chapter 393 Diseases of the Gallbladder

Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis

Biliary Dyskinesia

Chapter 394 Portal Hypertension and Varices

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 395 Liver Transplantation

Technical Innovations

Immunosuppression

Section 7 Peritoneum

Chapter 396 Peritoneal Malformations

Chapter 397 Ascites

Chapter 398 Peritonitis

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 399 Epigastric Hernia

Clinical Presentation

Part XVIII The Respiratory System

Section 1 Development and Function

Chapter 400 Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease

Physical Examination

Blood Gas Analysis

Transillumination of the Chest

Radiographic Techniques

Pulmonary Function Testing

Microbiology: Examination of Lung Secretions

The Microbiome (see Chapter 196)

Airway Visualization and Lung Specimen–Based Diagnostic Tests

Chapter 401 Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms

Judging the Seriousness of Chronic Respiratory Complaints

Recurrent or Persistent Cough

Frequently Recurring or Persistent Stridor

Recurrent or Persistent Wheeze

Recurrent and Persistent Lung Infiltrates

Chapter 402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Environmental Risk Factors

Genetic Risk Factors

Gene-Environment Interactions

Infant Groups at Increased Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Clinical Strategies

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events and Other Acute Events in Infants

Initial History

Section 2 Disorders of the Respiratory Tract

Chapter 404 Congenital Disorders of the Nose

Normal Newborn Nose

Congenital Disorders

Choanal Atresia

Congenital Defects of the Nasal Septum

Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

Congenital Midline Nasal Masses

Diagnosis and Treatment

Chapter 405 Acquired Disorders of the Nose

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 406 Nasal Polyps

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 407 The Common Cold

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 408 Sinusitis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 409 Acute Pharyngitis

Infectious Etiologies

Chronic Group a Streptococcus Carriers

Recurrent Pharyngitis

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess

Retropharyngeal and Lateral Pharyngeal Abscess

Peritonsillar Cellulitis and/or Abscess

Chapter 411 Tonsils and Adenoids

Normal Function

Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Airway Obstruction

Chapter 412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis)

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 413 Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 414 Foreign Bodies in the Airway

Epidemiology and Etiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 416 Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 417 Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi

Clinical Manifestations

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis

General Pathophysiology of Wheezing in Infants

Clinical Manifestations

Acute Bronchitis

Chronic Bronchitis

Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution

Chapter 419 Plastic Bronchitis

Clinical Manifestations

Complications and Prognosis

Chapter 420 Emphysema and Overinflation

Localized Obstructive Overinflation

Generalized Obstructive Overinflation

Chapter 421 α_{-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema}

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Supportive Therapy

Chapter 422 Other Distal Airway Diseases

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Etiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 423 Congenital Disorders of the Lung

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis

Diagnosis and Treatment

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinical Manifestations

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment

Etiology and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations and Treatment

Congenital Lobar Emphysema and Pulmonary Cysts

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation

Bronchobiliary Fistula

Chapter 424 Pulmonary Edema

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 425 Aspiration Syndromes

Aspiration Syndromes

Gastric Contents

Hydrocarbon Aspiration

Chapter 426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration

Chapter 427 Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease

Clinical Manifestations and Classification

Classification and Pathogenesis

Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis

Granulomatous Lung Disease in Primary Immune Deficiency

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Löffler Syndrome

Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (the Churg-Strauss Syndrome)

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

Classification and Pathology

Clinical Manifestations

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Anti-GBM Disease)

Background/Summary

Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation

Natural Course and Treatment

Clinical Presentation

Chapter 428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 430 Bronchiectasis

Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 431 Pulmonary Abscess

Pathology and Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 432 Cystic Fibrosis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Assessment

Treatment of Pulmonary Complications

Treatment of Intestinal Complications

Other Complications

Chapter 433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome)

Normal Ciliary Ultrastructure and Function

Genetics of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Clinical Manifestations of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Chapter 434 Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood

Deficiency of Surfactant Protein B (Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 1; Smdp1; Omim #265120)

Surfactant Protein C Gene Abnormalities (Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 2; Smdp2; Omim #610913)

Disease Caused by Mutations in ABCA3 (Surfactant Metabolism Dysfunction, Pulmonary, 3; Smdp3; Omim #610921)

Disease Caused by Mutations in (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1, Choreoathetosis, Hypothyroidism, and Neonatal Respiratory Distress, Omim #600635)

Treatment of Surfactant Dysfunction Disorders

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis

Chapter 436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis

Chapter 437 Atelectasis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 438 Pulmonary Tumors

Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation

Chapter 439 Pneumothorax

Etiology and Epidemiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Chapter 440 Pneumomediastinum

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 441 Hydrothorax

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 442 Hemothorax

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 443 Chylothorax

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Chapter 444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Clinical Manifestations

Chapter 445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function

Clinical Manifestations

Laboratory Findings

Pectus Carinatum